PRAGMATICS ENGLISH
Pragmatics
Allows us to use language including signs that refer to the language as interpreted by taking each manifests immersed in a concrete situation of communication.
There is a gap between what is said and what is meant.
For example, the statement "It's hot" the speaker refers to the ambient temperature, but may also be making an indirect request ("Let's go", "Put the air conditioning", "Let the fan", etc..) complaining ("I hate this place" or "Why did you bring me here?"), or performing other action, depending on the context in which the statement occurs.
Pragmatics is thus a discipline that takes into account the extralinguistic factors that determine the use of language, precisely those factors to which reference is usually not a purely grammatical study: notions such as sender, recipient, communicative intent, verbal context, situation or knowledge of the world, are of great importance (Page content last modified: 5 January 2004 ).
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE
The language is composed of several components that together allow us to communicate by sending and receiving information, these components are: semantics, morphology, pragmatics, phonology and syntax.
SEMANTICS
Semantics is a term that refers to the meaning of the word, in the production and comprehension of language
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE
The language is composed of several components that together allow us to communicate by sending and receiving information, these components are: semantics, morphology, pragmatics, phonology and syntax.
SEMANTICS
Semantics is a term that refers to the meaning of the word, in the production and comprehension of language
Semantics is closely linked with another sub discipline of linguistics, pragmatics, which is also, broadly speaking, the study of meaning. However, unlike pragmatics, semantics is a highly theoretical research perspective, and looks at meaning in language in isolation, in the language itself, whereas pragmatics is a more practical subject and is interested in meaning in language in use.
With the above reference is easy to understand that the semantics is possible to transmit a message in different ways using different codes, eg from a gesture, a sound, a word, a phrase, a movement, an image, plus each person interprets differently so the message among other things because everyone is in a region or specific context.
Examples
Some see the glass half empty and others see the glass half full
A human can be referred to as a male, female, child, adult, baby, bachelor, father or mother.
Young can mean a colt, filly, piglet, baby, puppy or kitten.
MORPHOLOGY
Morphology, in linguistics, is the study of the forms of words, and the ways in which words are related to other words of the same language. Formal differences among words serve a variety of purposes, from the creation of new lexical items to the indication of grammatical structure.
It was first used for linguistic purposes in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher (Salmon 2000), to refer to the study of the form of words. In present-day linguistics, the term 'morphology' refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and of the systematic form-meaning correspondences between words. . . .
"The notion 'systematic' in the definition of morphology given above is important. For instance, we might observe a form difference and a corresponding meaning difference between the English noun ear and the verb hear. However, this pattern is not systematic: there are no similar word pairs, and we cannot form new English verbs by adding h- to a noun."
(Geert E. Booij, The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2007)
The morphology allows us that one word may derive other oviamente with different meanings, enabling learning another language the acquisition of sight words from the root word.
examples.
when we use suffixes or prefixes, we are getting a variation both in the writing of a word and its meaning.
Prefix
A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a
word. For example, the word "unhappy" consists of the prefix
"un-" [which means "not"] combined with the root (stem)
word "happy"; the word "unhappy" means "not
happy."
A Short List of Prefixes:
|
PREFIX
|
MEANING
|
EXAMPLES
|
|
de-
|
from, down,
away reverse, opposite
|
decode,
decrease
|
|
dis-
|
not,
opposite, reverse, away
|
disagree,
disappear
|
|
ex-
|
out of, away
from, lacking, former
|
exhale,
explosion
|
|
il-
|
not
|
illegal,
illogical
|
|
im-
|
not, without
|
impossible,
improper
|
|
in-
|
not, without
|
inaction,
invisible
|
|
mis-
|
bad, wrong
|
mislead,
misplace
|
|
non-
|
not
|
nonfiction,
nonsense
|
|
pre-
|
before
|
prefix,
prehistory
|
|
pro-
|
for, forward,
before
|
proactive,
profess, program
|
|
re-
|
again, back
|
react,
reappear
|
|
un-
|
against, not,
opposite
|
undo,
unequal, unusual
|
Suffix
A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a
word. For example, the word flavorless consists of the root word
"flavor" combined with the suffix "-less" [which means
"without"]; the word "flavorless" means "having no
flavor."
A Short List of Suffixes:
|
SUFFIX
|
MEANING
|
EXAMPLES
|
|
-able
|
able to,
having the quality of
|
comfortable,
portable
|
|
-al
|
relating to
|
annual,
comical
|
|
-er
|
comparative
|
bigger,
stronger
|
|
-est
|
superlative
|
strongest,
tiniest
|
|
-ful
|
full of
|
beautiful,
grateful
|
|
-ible
|
forming an
adjective
|
reversible,
terrible
|
|
-ily
|
forming an
adverb
|
eerily,
happily, lazily
|
|
-ing
|
denoting an
action, a material, or a gerund
|
acting,
showing
|
|
-less
|
without, not
affected by
|
friendless,
tireless
|
|
-ly
|
forming an
adjective
|
clearly,
hourly
|
|
-ness
|
denoting a
state or condition
|
kindness,
wilderness
|
|
-y
|
full of,
denoting a condition, or a diminutive
|
glory, messy,
victory,
|
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/grammar/prefixsuffix/
COMPRISES MORPHOLOGY
Lexeme and morpheme :
the words may be
composed of lexemes and morphemes.
Lexeme
or root is the part of the word that does not change. Use your meaning. Sport-
sportsman- sports
Morpheme
is the part of the word varies. It is the part that
is added to the lexeme to complete its meaning and to form new words. To
complete its meaning can be accidents word (gender, number).Example : modern-
modernism
DEIXIS
Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as.
who is speaking
the time or place of speaking
the gestures of the speaker, or
the current location in the discourse.
It is part of
semantics and pragmatics in relation to the word we use to indicate another element .
Here are examples of deictic expressions: I, You, Now, There, That, The following, Tenses
http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsDiscourseDeixis.htm.
Dexis is the form of communication using not only words, phrases, gestures and different expressions making it possible to transmit a message in several ways, each person can transmit different as understand different to another, there are different kinds of deixis which are used consciously or unconsciously wanting to communicate or interpret a message.
PRIMARY DEIXIS.
The role deixis plays in structuring language and its relation to the context of utterance provides the focus for an examination of information packaging in Russian discourse. The analysis is based on a model which interprets discourse as constituted by four interrelated frameworks ?? the linguistic text, the text setting, the text content, and the participant framework. Deixis is divided into three primary dimensions of time, space, and person, which are metaphorically extended to secondary dimensions of information status (knowledge, focus, and theme). The linguistic devices which function in these dimensions encode information status by serving one or more communicative functions, including the representative, directive, identifying, informing, acknowledging, and expressive functions. Discourse markers and deictics provide links between the content of the message, the linguistic text itself, and the context in which the message is produced. They introduce new participants, signal changes in thematic structure, bracket topical units, and mark the relative status of information.
https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/pbns.50/main.
PHYSICS AT DEIXIS
Refers to the interval between the sound and the other ,
not necessarily a word or phrase .
Any portion of the talk between breathing pauses .
 ANAPHORIC DEIXIS. That means something mentioned or highlight a point made earlier Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, we, you, they. Define items, The,This demonstrative adjectives, These, this, that, it. Possessive adjectives, Mine, yours, his,. Adverbs of place: here, there, up, down, up, bottom, front, back, inside, outside, where close 
CATAPHORIC DEIXIS
It is a term used in linguistics to an expression
which refers to something that is said in the text below. The following example
"Bird followed him on the road, I saw the child, "the pronoun"
he "refers to the child . Its depend on the context.Features: This topyc use Personal
pronouns,possessive pronouns,the pronouns adjectives, advervs place and
asdveers time.
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